Re: [Crash-utility] Kernel Crash Analysis on Android
by Shankar, AmarX
Hi Dave,
Thanks for your info regarding kexec tool.
I am unable to download kexec from below link.
http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/horms/kexec-tools/kexec-too...
It says HTTP 404 Page Not Found.
Could you please guide me on this?
Thanks & Regards,
Amar Shankar
> On Wed, Mar 21, 2012 at 06:00:00PM +0000, Shankar, AmarX wrote:
>
> > I want to do kernel crash Analysis on Android Merrifield Target.
> >
> > Could someone please help me how to do it?
>
> Merrifield is pretty much similar than Medfield, e.g it has x86 core. So I
> guess you can follow the instructions how to setup kdump on x86 (see
> Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt) unless you already have that configured.
>
> crash should support this directly presuming you have vmlinux/vmcore files to
> feed it. You can configure crash to support x86 on x86_64 host by running:
>
> % make target=X86
> & make
>
> (or something along those lines).
Right -- just the first make command will suffice, i.e., when running
on an x86_64 host:
$ wget http://people.redhat.com/anderson/crash-6.0.4.tar.gz
$ tar xzf crash-6.0.4.tar.gz
...
$ cd crash-6.0.4
$ make target=X86
...
$ ./crash <path-to>/vmlinux <path-to>/vmcore
Dave
From: Shankar, AmarX
Sent: Wednesday, March 21, 2012 11:30 PM
To: 'crash-utility(a)redhat.com'
Subject: Kernel Crash Analysis on Android
Hi,
I want to do kernel crash Analysis on Android Merrifield Target.
Could someone please help me how to do it?
Thanks & Regards,
Amar Shankar
1 year, 1 month
[PATCH] kmem, snap: iomem/ioport display and vmcore snapshot support
by HATAYAMA Daisuke
Some days ago I was in a situation that I had to convert vmcore in
kvmdump format into ELF since some extension module we have locally
can be used only on relatively old crash utility, around version 4,
but such old crash utility cannot handle kvmdump format.
To do the conversion in handy, I used snap command with some modifications
so that it tries to use iomem information in vmcore instead of host's
/proc/iomem. This patch is its cleaned-up version.
In this development, I naturally got down to also making an interface
for an access to resource objects, and so together with the snap
command's patch, I also extended kmem command for iomem/ioport
support. Actually:
kmem -r displays /proc/iomem
crash> kmem -r
00000000-0000ffff : reserved
00010000-0009dbff : System RAM
0009dc00-0009ffff : reserved
000c0000-000c7fff : Video ROM
...
and kmem -R displays /proc/ioport
crash> kmem -R
0000-001f : dma1
0020-0021 : pic1
0040-0043 : timer0
0050-0053 : timer1
...
Looking into old version of kernel source code back, resource structure
has been unchanged since linux-2.4.0. I borrowed the way of walking on
resouce tree in this patch from the lastest v3.3-rc series, but I
guess the logic is also applicable to old kernels. I expect Dave's
regression testsuite.
Also, there would be another command more sutable for iomem/ioport.
If necessay, I'll repost the patch.
---
HATAYAMA Daisuke (4):
Add vmcore snapshot support
Add kmem -r and -R options
Add dump iomem/ioport functions; a helper for resource objects
Add a helper function for iterating resource objects
defs.h | 9 ++++
extensions/snap.c | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
help.c | 2 +
memory.c | 122 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
4 files changed, 180 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
--
Thanks.
HATAYAMA Daisuke
1 year, 1 month
Re: [Crash-utility] question about phys_base
by Dave Anderson
----- Original Message -----
> >
> > OK, so then I don't understand what you mean by "may be the same"?
> >
> > You didn't answer my original question, but if I understand you correctly,
> > it would be impossible for the qemu host to create a PT_LOAD segment that
> > describes an x86_64 guest's __START_KERNEL_map region, because the host
> > doesn't know that what kind of kernel the guest is running.
>
> Yes. Even if the guest is linux, it is still impossible to do it. Because
> the guest maybe in the second kernel.
>
> qemu-dump walks all guest's page table and collect virtual address and
> physical address mapping. If the page is not used by guest, the virtual is set
> to 0. I create PT_LOAD according to such mapping. So if the guest is linux,
> there may be a PT_LOAD segment that describes __START_KERNEL_map region.
> But the information stored in PT_LOAD maybe for the second kernel. If crash
> uses it, crash will see the second kernel, not the first kernel.
Just to be clear -- what do you mean by the "second" kernel? Do you
mean that a guest kernel crashed guest, and did a kdump operation,
and that second kdump kernel failed somehow, and now you're trying
to do a "virsh dump" on the kdump kernel?
Dave
1 year, 1 month
question about phys_base
by Wen Congyang
Hi, Dave
I am implementing a new dump command in the qemu. The vmcore's
format is elf(like kdump). And I try to provide phys_base in
the PT_LOAD. But if the os uses the first vcpu do kdump, the
value of phys_base is wrong.
I find a function x86_64_virt_phys_base() in crash's code.
Is it OK to call this function first? If the function
successes, we do not calculate phys_base according to PT_LOAD.
Thanks
Wen Congyang
1 year, 1 month
[PATCH] runq: search current task's runqueue explicitly
by HATAYAMA Daisuke
Currently, runq sub-command doesn't consider CFS runqueue's current
task removed from CFS runqueue. Due to this, the remaining CFS
runqueus that follow the current task's is not displayed. This patch
fixes this by making runq sub-command search current task's runqueue
explicitly.
Note that CFS runqueue exists for each task group, and so does CFS
runqueue's current task, and the above search needs to be done
recursively.
Test
====
On vmcore I made 7 task groups:
root group --- A --- AA --- AAA
+ +- AAB
|
+- AB --- ABA
+- ABB
and then I ran three CPU bound tasks, which is exactly the same as
int main(void) { for (;;) continue; return 0; }
for each task group, including root group; so total 24 tasks. For
readability, I annotated each task name with its belonging group name.
For example, loop.ABA belongs to task group ABA.
Look at CPU0 collumn below. [before] lacks 8 tasks and [after]
successfully shows all tasks on the runqueue, which is identical to
the result of [sched debug] that is expected to ouput correct result.
I'll send this vmcore later.
[before]
crash> runq | cat
CPU 0 RUNQUEUE: ffff88000a215f80
CURRENT: PID: 28263 TASK: ffff880037aaa040 COMMAND: "loop.ABA"
RT PRIO_ARRAY: ffff88000a216098
[no tasks queued]
CFS RB_ROOT: ffff88000a216010
[120] PID: 28262 TASK: ffff880037cc40c0 COMMAND: "loop.ABA"
<cut>
[after]
crash_fix> runq
CPU 0 RUNQUEUE: ffff88000a215f80
CURRENT: PID: 28263 TASK: ffff880037aaa040 COMMAND: "loop.ABA"
RT PRIO_ARRAY: ffff88000a216098
[no tasks queued]
CFS RB_ROOT: ffff88000a216010
[120] PID: 28262 TASK: ffff880037cc40c0 COMMAND: "loop.ABA"
[120] PID: 28271 TASK: ffff8800787a8b40 COMMAND: "loop.ABB"
[120] PID: 28272 TASK: ffff880037afd580 COMMAND: "loop.ABB"
[120] PID: 28245 TASK: ffff8800785e8b00 COMMAND: "loop.AB"
[120] PID: 28246 TASK: ffff880078628ac0 COMMAND: "loop.AB"
[120] PID: 28241 TASK: ffff880078616b40 COMMAND: "loop.AA"
[120] PID: 28239 TASK: ffff8800785774c0 COMMAND: "loop.AA"
[120] PID: 28240 TASK: ffff880078617580 COMMAND: "loop.AA"
[120] PID: 28232 TASK: ffff880079b5d4c0 COMMAND: "loop.A"
<cut>
[sched debug]
crash> runq -d
CPU 0
[120] PID: 28232 TASK: ffff880079b5d4c0 COMMAND: "loop.A"
[120] PID: 28239 TASK: ffff8800785774c0 COMMAND: "loop.AA"
[120] PID: 28240 TASK: ffff880078617580 COMMAND: "loop.AA"
[120] PID: 28241 TASK: ffff880078616b40 COMMAND: "loop.AA"
[120] PID: 28245 TASK: ffff8800785e8b00 COMMAND: "loop.AB"
[120] PID: 28246 TASK: ffff880078628ac0 COMMAND: "loop.AB"
[120] PID: 28262 TASK: ffff880037cc40c0 COMMAND: "loop.ABA"
[120] PID: 28263 TASK: ffff880037aaa040 COMMAND: "loop.ABA"
[120] PID: 28271 TASK: ffff8800787a8b40 COMMAND: "loop.ABB"
[120] PID: 28272 TASK: ffff880037afd580 COMMAND: "loop.ABB"
<cut>
Diff stat
=========
defs.h | 1 +
task.c | 37 +++++++++++++++++--------------------
2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
Thanks.
HATAYAMA, Daisuke
1 year, 1 month
[RFC] makedumpfile, crash: LZO compression support
by HATAYAMA Daisuke
Hello,
This is a RFC patch set that adds LZO compression support to
makedumpfile and crash utility. LZO is as good as in size but by far
better in speed than ZLIB, leading to reducing down time during
generation of crash dump and refiltering.
How to build:
1. Get LZO library, which is provided as lzo-devel package on recent
linux distributions, and is also available on author's website:
http://www.oberhumer.com/opensource/lzo/.
2. Apply the patch set to makedumpfile v1.4.0 and crash v6.0.0.
3. Build both using make. But for crash, do the following now:
$ make CFLAGS="-llzo2"
How to use:
I've newly used -l option for lzo compression in this patch. So for
example, do as follows:
$ makedumpfile -l vmcore dumpfile
$ crash vmlinux dumpfile
Request of configure-like feature for crash utility:
I would like configure-like feature on crash utility for users to
select wheather to add LZO feature actually or not in build-time,
that is: ./configure --enable-lzo or ./configure --disable-lzo.
The reason is that support staff often downloads and installs the
latest version of crash utility on machines where lzo library is not
provided.
Looking at the source code, it looks to me that crash does some kind
of configuration processing in a local manner, around configure.c,
and I guess it's difficult to use autoconf tools directly.
Or is there another better way?
Performance Comparison:
Sample Data
Ideally, I must have measured the performance for many enough
vmcores generated from machines that was actually running, but now
I don't have enough sample vmcores, I couldn't do so. So this
comparison doesn't answer question on I/O time improvement. This
is TODO for now.
Instead, I choosed worst and best cases regarding compression
ratio and speed only. Specifically, the former is /dev/urandom and
the latter is /dev/zero.
I get the sample data of 10MB, 100MB and 1GB by doing like this:
$ dd bs=4096 count=$((1024*1024*1024/4096)) if=/dev/urandom of=urandom.1GB
How to measure
Then I performed compression for each block, 4096 bytes, and
measured total compression time and output size. See attached
mycompress.c.
Result
See attached file result.txt.
Discussion
For both kinds of data, lzo's compression was considerably quicker
than zlib's. Compression ratio is about 37% for urandom data, and
about 8.5% for zero data. Actual situation of physical memory
would be in between the two cases, and so I guess average
compression time ratio is between 37% and 8.5%.
Although beyond the topic of this patch set, we can estimate worst
compression time on more data size since compression is performed
block size wise and the compression time increases
linearly. Estimated worst time on 2TB memory is about 15 hours for
lzo and about 40 hours for zlib. In this case, compressed data
size is larger than the original, so they are really not used,
compression time is fully meaningless. I think compression must be
done in parallel, and I'll post such patch later.
Diffstat
* makedumpfile
diskdump_mod.h | 3 +-
makedumpfile.c | 98 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
makedumpfile.h | 12 +++++++
3 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
* crash
defs.h | 1 +
diskdump.c | 20 +++++++++++++++++++-
diskdump.h | 3 ++-
3 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
TODO
* evaluation including I/O time using actual vmcores
Thanks.
HATAYAMA, Daisuke
1 year, 1 month
Re: [Crash-utility] [RFI] Support Fujitsu's sadump dump format
by tachibana＠mxm.nes.nec.co.jp
Hi Hatayama-san,
On 2011/06/29 12:12:18 +0900, HATAYAMA Daisuke <d.hatayama(a)jp.fujitsu.com> wrote:
> From: Dave Anderson <anderson(a)redhat.com>
> Subject: Re: [Crash-utility] [RFI] Support Fujitsu's sadump dump format
> Date: Tue, 28 Jun 2011 08:57:42 -0400 (EDT)
>
> >
> >
> > ----- Original Message -----
> >> Fujitsu has stand-alone dump mechanism based on firmware level
> >> functionality, which we call SADUMP, in short.
> >>
> >> We've maintained utility tools internally but now we're thinking that
> >> the best is crash utility and makedumpfile supports the sadump format
> >> for the viewpoint of both portability and maintainability.
> >>
> >> We'll be of course responsible for its maintainance in a continuous
> >> manner. The sadump dump format is very similar to diskdump format and
> >> so kdump (compressed) format, so we estimate patch set would be a
> >> relatively small size.
> >>
> >> Could you tell me whether crash utility and makedumpfile can support
> >> the sadump format? If OK, we'll start to make patchset.
I think it's not bad to support sadump by makedumpfile. However I have
several questions.
- Do you want to use makedumpfile to make an existing file that sadump has
dumped small?
- It isn't possible to support the same form as kdump-compressed format
now, is it?
- When the information that makedumpfile reads from a note of /proc/vmcore
(or a header of kdump-compressed format) is added by an extension of
makedumpfile, do you need to modify sadump?
Thanks
tachibana
> >
> > Sure, yes, the crash utility can always support another dumpfile format.
> >
>
> Thanks. It helps a lot.
>
> > It's unclear to me how similar SADUMP is to diskdump/compressed-kdump.
> > Does your internal version patch diskdump.c, or do you maintain your
> > own "sadump.c"? I ask because if your patchset is at all intrusive,
> > I'd prefer it be kept in its own file, primarily for maintainability,
> > but also because SADUMP is essentially a black-box to anybody outside
> > Fujitsu.
>
> What I meant when I used ``similar'' is both literally and
> logically. The format consists of diskdump header-like header, two
> kinds of bitmaps used for the same purpose as those in diskump format,
> and memory data. They can be handled in common with the existing data
> structure, diskdump_data, non-intrusively, so I hope they are placed
> in diskdump.c.
>
> On the other hand, there's a code to be placed at such specific
> area. sadump is triggered depending on kdump's progress and so
> register values to be contained in vmcore varies according to the
> progress: If crash_notes has been initialized when sadump is
> triggered, sadump packs the register values in crash_notes; if not
> yet, packs registers gathered by firmware. This is sadump specific
> processing, so I think putting it in specific sadump.c file is a
> natural and reasonable choise.
>
> Anyway, I have not made any patch set for this. I'll post a patch set
> when I complete.
>
> Again, thanks a lot for the positive answer.
>
> Thanks.
> HATAYAMA, Daisuke
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> kexec mailing list
> kexec(a)lists.infradead.org
> http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/kexec
1 year, 1 month
[ANNOUNCE] crash version 7.2.7 is available
by Dave Anderson
Download from: http://people.redhat.com/anderson
or
https://github.com/crash-utility/crash/releases
The github master branch serves as a development branch that will contain
all patches that are queued for the next release:
$ git clone git://github.com/crash-utility/crash.git
Changelog:
- Document the "-N", "-g" and "-z" options in the "help" command's
help page.
(k-hagio(a)ab.jp.nec.com)
- Fix for a crash-7.2.6 regression to the "p" command. Without the
patch, a gdb pass-through command construct such as:
p ((struct zone *)0xffff901e3ffda000)->min_slab_pages
gets parsed incorrectly, and the "-" is mistaken for an argument
option, and each of the subsequent characters are marked as an
"invalid option".
(dwysocha(a)redhat.com)
- Export the get_mount_list() and get_dump_level() functions in defs.h
for use by extension modules.
(k-hagio(a)ab.jp.nec.com)
- Change the gating of a debug message in the do_xarray_dump_cb()
function from CRASHDEBUG(0) to CRASHDEBUG(1). Without the patch,
users of the XArray callback functionality may see messages of the
sort "entry has XARRAY_TAG_MASK bits set: 239ab0024001" without
setting a debug number.
(anderson(a)redhat.com)
- Fix for Linux 5.2 and later x86_64 kernels that contain kernel commit
e6401c13093173aad709a5c6de00cf8d692ee786, titled "x86/irq/64: Split
the IRQ stack into its own". Without the patch, the per-cpu IRQ
stack addresses cannot be determined, and as a result backtraces
that utilize an IRQ stack will fail.
(anderson(a)redhat.com)
- Fix to allow live system analysis of s390x kernels that have been
configured with CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE=y (KASLR). Without the patch,
the "--kaslr=<offset>" command line option is required.
(anderson(a)redhat.com)
- Fix for Linux 5.2 and later x86_64 kernels that contain kernel commit
019b17b3ffe48100e52f609ca1c6ed6e5a40cba1, titled "x86/exceptions: Add
structs for exception stacks". Without the patch, the exception
stack sizes cannot be determined, and as a result backtraces
that initiate from an exception stack will fail with error messages
indicating "bt: invalid kernel virtual address: <address> type:
stack contents" and then "bt: read of stack at <address> failed".
(anderson(a)redhat.com)
- Two fixes for the "sys -c" option, one that significantly shortens
the time consumed by the option, and a second fix that addresses
occasional situations where the file and line number data are not
displayed.
(k-hagio(a)ab.jp.nec.com)
- Fix for a signed/unsigned comparison bug in vmcoreinfo_read_string()
which could lead to a segmentation violation in the highly unlikely
event of a zero length or severely truncated VMCOREINFO note.
(nudasnev(a)microsoft.com)
- Fix for the determination of the ARM64 "kimage_voffset" value
in Linux 4.6 and later kernels if an ELF format dumpfile:
(1) does not contain its value in a VMCOREINFO note, and
(2) if the kernel image was loaded at a higher address than the
system's physical base address.
This may happen, for example, when analyzing a dynamically-created
ramdump-to-ELF dumpfile.
(zhaoqianli(a)xiaomi.com, anderson(a)redhat.com)
- Fix for Linux 4.16 and later ARM64 kernels that contain kernel commit
fa2a8445b1d3810c52f2a6b3a006456bd1aacb7e, titled "arm64: allow ID map
to be extended to 52 bits", and which have been configured with both
CONFIG_DEVMEM=y and CONFIG_STRICT_DEVMEM=y. Without the patch, an
inconsequential error message indicating "crash: read error: kernel
virtual address: <address> type: idmap_ptrs_per_pgd" is displayed
during initialization.
(anderson(a)redhat.com)
- Introduction of a new "bt -p" option that generates a backtrace of
the panic task, regardless of the current context. This option is
only applicable when running against dumpfiles in which the panic
task is known.
(atomlin(a)redhat.com)
- When the gdb-7.6.patch file is updated in an existing source tree,
it gets re-applied during the next build using "patch -N --fuzz=0",
which ignores patches that have already been applied. However, if
a gdb file has been modified multiple times, the secondary patching
may fail to recognize that a given patch has been previously applied,
and will attempt to re-apply it. To prevent any uninintended
consequences, the gdb-7.6.patch file will also act as a shell script
invoked by the Makefile, which restores any selected gdb file to its
original state prior to all secondary patch applications.
(anderson(a)redhat.com)
- As an addendum to the previous patch for updating the gdb-7.6.patch
in an existing pre-built source tree, when rebuilding for the ppc64
architecture, do not restore the selected gdb files. This is because
the gdb-7.6-ppc64le-support.patch will have modified the selected
files during the initial build.
(anderson(a)redhat.com)
- Extend the "timer" command with a new "TTE" column that displays the
remaining time in jiffies until the expiration of a timer entry, and
where a negative value displays the number of jiffies that have
elapsed since a timer has expired.
(oleksandr(a)redhat.com)
- Fix for a "warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size
[-Wint-to-pointer-cast]" compiler message generated by the previous
"timer" patch when compiling kernel.c on 32-bit architectures.
(anderson(a)redhat.com)
- Fix to the x86_64 "--machdep phys_base=<value>" command line option
to allow the use of a negative decimal number as the value. Without
the patch, only the hexadecimal representation of the value would be
accepted.
(v-santy(a)microsoft.com, anderson(a)redhat.com)
- Introduction of a new "rd -R" option, which will display memory in
reverse order. Memory will be displayed up to and including the
address argument, which requires that the count argument be greater
than 1 in order to display memory before the specified address.
(anderson(a)redhat.com)
- Add support for the "count" argument to be used in conjunction with
the "dis -r" and "dis -f" reverse/forward modes of operation. In
reverse mode, the specified "count" number of instructions leading
up to and including the target address will be displayed. In forward
mode, the display will be limited to "count" instructions. Without
the patch, using a count argument in either mode generates a "count
argument ignored" message, and the command proceeds as if it had
not been entered.
(anderson(a)redhat.com, atomlin(a)redhat.com)
- Fix a memory leak in the previous "dis" commit.
(anderson(a)redhat.com)
- Implemented a new "error" environment variable that sets the
destination of error messages. It can be set to either:
"default": error messages are always displayed on the
console; if the output of a command is piped to an
external command or redirected to a file, the error
messages are also sent to the pipe or file.
"redirect": if the output of a command is piped to an
external command or redirected to a file, error messages
are only sent to the pipe or file; otherwise they are
displayed on the console.
"filename": error messages are only sent to the specified
filename; they are not displayed on the console and
are not sent to a pipe or file.
(dkwon(a)redhat.com)
- Fix for the "kmem -n" option on Linux 5.3-rc1 and later kernels
that contain commit 326e1b8f83a4318b09033ef754f40c785aed5e68,
titled "mm/sparsemem: introduce a SECTION_IS_EARLY flag". Without
the patch, mem_map addresses containing the flag in bit 3 incorrectly
show it as part of the virtual address; with the patch, the option
displays the new "E" state flag.
(k-hagio(a)ab.jp.nec.com)
- Fix for the "timer" command in RHEL7.6 and later RHEL7 kernels.
Without the patch, the command emits extra faulty timer entries
because the tvec_root.vec[] and tvec.vec[] arrays are tracked using
hlist_head structures where list_head structures should be used.
(k-hagio(a)ab.jp.nec.com)
- crash-7.2.4 commit 6596f1121b added a "list -B" option to allow more
efficient enumeration of longer lists. There is a small bug with
this option where it may incorrectly flag a loop length of "0" on
list of length 1, indicating "list: loop detected, loop length: 0".
Since it is impossible to have a loop of length 0, the erroneous
message can be prevented by ensuring the list count is non-zero.
(dwysocha(a)redhat.com)
- Create the specified installation directory if it does not exist.
Without the patch, the Makefile's "make install" target will fail
if the INSTALLDIR and/or DESTDIR macros resolve to a non-existent
directory.
(pmenzel(a)molgen.mpg.de)
- Fix for the internal caching of the kernel's mem_map array of page
structures. Without the patch, in rare circumstances, commands such
as "kmem -p" may erroneously receive zero-filled page structures.
(k-hagio(a)ab.jp.nec.com)
- Fix to prevent a potential segmentation violation when accessing
the compressed configuration data contained in kernels that are
configured with CONFIG_IKCONFIG.
(chenqiwu(a)xiaomi.com)
- Determine the ARM64 SECTION_SIZE_BITS value using the following
order of precedence:
(1) from the VMCOREINFO data if it exists
(2) from the in-kernel configuration data if it exists
(3) the default value
(chenqiwu(a)xiaomi.com)
5 years, 2 months
cacheutils extension module update
by Kazuhito Hagio
Hi Dave,
I've enhanced my cacheutils extension module, and now it has three commands
"ccat", "cls" and "cfind".
https://github.com/k-hagio/crash-cacheutils
Could you please update the command help pages in your extensions page?
Main changes:
- Add a new "ccat -d" option that extracts a directory and its contents
with one command:
crash> ccat -d /var/log /tmp/log
Extracting /var/log to /tmp/log...
done.
- Add a new "cfind" command that can be used to search for files through
a specific directory or the whole file system:
crash> cfind / | grep messages
ffff88010113be00 /var/log/messages
ffff880449f86b40 /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/babel/messages
- Add a new "cfind -c" option that counts the number of directory entries
in a directory and its subdirectories:
crash> cfind -c /boot
TOTAL DENTRY N_DENT PATH
18 12 6 /boot
8 6 2 /boot/grub2
34 34 0 /boot/grub2/locale
268 268 0 /boot/grub2/i386-pc
1 1 0 /boot/grub2/fonts
1 1 0 /boot/efi
2 1 1 /boot/efi/EFI
3 0 3 /boot/efi/EFI/redhat
335 323 12 TOTAL
- Add a new "-n" option to each command to support mount namespaces.
Thanks,
Kazu
5 years, 2 months
