Decoding Consumer Minds: Fresh Ideas for Marketing Research Papers
by kefag22407＠haotuwu.com
Marketing is no longer just about selling — it’s about understanding why people buy, share, and stay loyal. Research papers in marketing can dive into fascinating areas like consumer psychology, digital engagement, and emotional branding. Exploring topics such as the impact of social media influencers on brand perception, consumer trust in AI-driven recommendations, or sustainability as a driver of purchase intent can help uncover what really shapes modern consumer decisions.
Another promising angle is studying data and personalization in marketing. With companies relying heavily on analytics, there’s a growing need to explore how data-driven strategies influence consumer experience and brand loyalty. Researching ethical data usage, AI in customer segmentation, or neuromarketing trends can lead to insights that bridge creativity with strategy — essential for any marketer looking to make an impact in today’s competitive landscape. Have more info at: https://thedissertationhelp.co.uk/marketing-research-paper-topics/
1 week, 4 days
Stem Cells for Achilles Tear Recovery
by wimati1072＠okcpress.com
Lately I’ve been looking into newer recovery methods for Achilles tears because traditional rehab can apparently take a very long time and requires a lot of patience. I found this article https://ways2well.com/blog/stem-cells-for-achilles-tear-revolutionary-rec... and thought it explained regenerative medicine and tendon recovery in a really practical and understandable way. It talks about how stem cell therapy may potentially support tissue healing, reduce inflammation, and improve mobility during recovery from Achilles injuries. What I appreciated most was the realistic focus on gradual healing and long-term tendon health instead of dramatic promises. It honestly made modern recovery options feel much more advanced and encouraging overall.
1 month
ways2well
by febit61013＠gzeos.com
If you want to study evidence-based information regarding next-generation alternatives to invasive wrist surgeries, you should definitely set aside a few minutes to read through https://ways2well.com/blog/stem-cell-therapy-for-wrist-pain-what-you-need.... The blog layout is highly professional, addressing crucial safety standards and answering common patient inquiries regarding biological treatments. It serves as a perfect educational baseline to help you understand how cellular medicine is reshaping sports medicine and physical rehabilitation today.
1 month, 1 week
[PATCH v2] Fix unwinding with 32k stacks in ppc64le RHEL 9.4
by Lucas Oakley
In RHEL 9.4 ppc64le, the stack size was adjusted from 16k to
32k. As a result, ppc64_back_trace() can bail prematurely when
checking if the stack pointer exists in the range of the
range of the irq stacks, since SIZE(irq_ctx), used in
ppc64_in_irqstack(), is set to 16k. This patch ensures that
irq_ctx is updated to 32k if a 32k stack size is used.
Tested against:
el6 x86_64
el7 ppc64le s390x x86_64
el8 aarch64 ppc64le s390x x86_64
el9 aarch64 ppc64le s390x x86_64
el10 aarch64 ppc64le s390x x86_64
Without the commit:
crash> bt -c 3
PID: 17524 TASK: c0000000b2c0e400 CPU: 3 COMMAND: "xyz"
cannot find the stack info.
With the commit:
crash> bt -c 3
PID: 17524 TASK: c0000000b2c0e400 CPU: 3 COMMAND: "xyz"
#0 [c000001dff7d7c10] smp_call_function_single_async at c00000000028dd38
#1 [c000001dff7d7d30] _raw_spin_lock_irqsave at c000000001023f1c
#2 [c000001dff7d7d60] ibmvscsi_handle_crq at c0080000044635ec [ibmvscsi]
#3 [c000001dff7d7de0] ibmvscsi_task at c008000004463804 [ibmvscsi]
#4 [c000001dff7d7e30] tasklet_action_common.constprop.0 at c0000000001624cc
#5 [c000001dff7d7e90] __do_softirq at c0000000010244cc
#6 [c000001dff7d7f90] do_softirq_own_stack at c000000000016480
#7 [c000000140d67700] __irq_exit_rcu at c0000000001613b8
#8 [c000000140d67730] irq_exit at c000000000162170
#9 [c000000140d67750] do_IRQ at c000000000015fa4
#10 [c000000140d67780] hardware_interrupt_common_virt at c000000000009080
Hardware Interrupt [500] exception frame:
R0: c000000001023de0 R1: c000000140d67a90 R2: c000000002c02500
R3: c00800000b30269c R4: 0000000000000001 R5: 0000000000000001
R6: ffffffffffffffff R7: 0000000000000000 R8: 0000000000000000
R9: fffffffffffe0000 R10: 0000000000000002 R11: 0000000048422824
R12: c000000001023d70 R13: c000001dffffd480 R14: 00007ffd6ef6d238
R15: 0000000000000028 R16: c000001dfc1e2280 R17: c000001dfc1e2280
R18: 00000000ab97fa48 R19: 0000000000000000 R20: 0000000000000001
R21: 0000001df9ff0000 R22: 0000000000000028 R23: c0000000021f2280
R24: 0000000000000000 R25: c0000000021f2280 R26: c0000000021f2380
R27: 0000000000000000 R28: c00800000b30269c R29: 0000000000000000
R30: c000000002c47190 R31: 000000000020000b
NIP: c0000000000aea14 MSR: 800000000280b033 OR3: c0000000000ae944
CTR: c000000001023d70 LR: c000000001023de0 XER: 0000000020040001
CCR: 0000000088422824 MQ: 0000000000000000 DAR: 0000000000000001
DSISR: c0080000073b1e94 Syscall Result: 0000000000000000
[NIP : queued_spin_lock_slowpath+1204]
[LR : _raw_spin_lock+112]
#11 [c000000140d67a90] queued_spin_lock_slowpath at c0000000000aea14
#12 [c000000140d67bb0] _raw_spin_lock at c000000001023de0 (unreliable)
#13 [c000000140d67bd0] dm_blk_close at c00800000b2c6850 [dm_mod]
#14 [c000000140d67c00] blkdev_put_whole at c0000000007d2738
#15 [c000000140d67c30] bdev_release at c0000000007d3a38
#16 [c000000140d67c90] blkdev_release at c0000000007d4224
#17 [c000000140d67cb0] __fput at c0000000005d2e98
#18 [c000000140d67d00] task_work_run at c00000000018fb14
#19 [c000000140d67d50] do_notify_resume at c000000000020bd4
#20 [c000000140d67d80] interrupt_exit_user_prepare_main at c00000000002ed98
#21 [c000000140d67de0] syscall_exit_prepare at c00000000002f240
#22 [c000000140d67e10] system_call_vectored_common at c00000000000bff4
Signed-off-by: Lucas Oakley <soakley(a)redhat.com>
---
task.c | 12 ++++++++++++
1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)
diff --git a/task.c b/task.c
index ec04b55..a398a8d 100644
--- a/task.c
+++ b/task.c
@@ -739,6 +739,18 @@ irqstacks_init(void)
if (!(tt->softirq_tasks = (ulong *)calloc(NR_CPUS, sizeof(ulong))))
error(FATAL, "cannot malloc softirq_tasks space.");
+ /*
+ * RHEL 9.4.z adjusted the stack size from 16k to 32k for
+ * ppc64le only. We need to ensure that SIZE(irq_ctx) is
+ * correctly set so the unwinder doesn't prematurely bail
+ * when switching between the kernel stack and irq stacks.
+ * The stack size is updated in task_init(), which calls
+ * this routine, irqstacks_init() after checking for the
+ * existence of irq_ctx.
+ */
+ if ((SIZE(irq_ctx) != -1) && (STACKSIZE() > SIZE(irq_ctx)))
+ ASSIGN_SIZE(irq_ctx) = STACKSIZE();
+
thread_info_buf = GETBUF(SIZE(irq_ctx));
if ((hard_sp = per_cpu_symbol_search("per_cpu__hardirq_ctx")) ||
--
2.52.0
1 month, 1 week
[PATCH] crash: symbols: Optimize symbol string matching overhead in numeric_forward()
by Rui Qi
The numeric_forward() function serves as the comparator for qsort() when
sorting kernel symbols. For a modern Linux kernel containing hundreds of
thousands of symbols (N), qsort() performs O(N log N) comparisons,
meaning this function is invoked millions of times during the startup
phase of the crash utility.
During these millions of comparisons, it frequently checks for specific
symbol names (e.g., "_stext", "kaslr_get_random_long") using the STREQ()
macro. STREQ() internally expands to string_exists() checks followed by a
full strcmp(), incurring significant function call overhead that cannot be
optimized out by the compiler at runtime.
By explicitly checking the first character of the symbol name
(e.g., x->name[0] == '_') before invoking STREQ(), we introduce a
lightweight "early reject" mechanism. Since the distribution of kernel
symbol starting characters is relatively sparse, this short-circuits the
evaluation for the vast majority of symbols, completely avoiding the
overhead of strcmp() macro expansion.
Additionally, since x->name could potentially be NULL, we must safely
guard the character access with an explicit non-null check (x->name &&)
to prevent segmentation faults.
This O(N log N) cumulative optimization yields a measurable performance
improvement in symbol sorting speed, which scales directly with the size
of the kernel symbol table.
Signed-off-by: Rui Qi <qirui.001(a)bytedance.com>
---
symbols.c | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
diff --git a/symbols.c b/symbols.c
index 8eb8b37abc23..736d9d96d606 100644
--- a/symbols.c
+++ b/symbols.c
@@ -14401,16 +14401,16 @@ numeric_forward(const void *P_x, const void *P_y)
error(FATAL, "bfd_minisymbol_to_symbol failed\n");
if (st->_stext_vmlinux == UNINITIALIZED) {
- if (STREQ(x->name, "_stext"))
+ if (x->name && x->name[0] == '_' && STREQ(x->name, "_stext"))
st->_stext_vmlinux = valueof(x);
- else if (STREQ(y->name, "_stext"))
+ else if (y->name && y->name[0] == '_' && STREQ(y->name, "_stext"))
st->_stext_vmlinux = valueof(y);
}
if (kt->flags2 & KASLR_CHECK) {
- if (STREQ(x->name, "kaslr_get_random_long") ||
- STREQ(y->name, "kaslr_get_random_long") ||
- STREQ(x->name, "module_load_offset") ||
- STREQ(y->name, "module_load_offset")) {
+ if ((x->name && x->name[0] == 'k' && STREQ(x->name, "kaslr_get_random_long")) ||
+ (y->name && y->name[0] == 'k' && STREQ(y->name, "kaslr_get_random_long")) ||
+ (x->name && x->name[0] == 'm' && STREQ(x->name, "module_load_offset")) ||
+ (y->name && y->name[0] == 'm' && STREQ(y->name, "module_load_offset"))) {
kt->flags2 &= ~KASLR_CHECK;
kt->flags2 |= (RELOC_AUTO|KASLR);
}
@@ -14418,36 +14418,36 @@ numeric_forward(const void *P_x, const void *P_y)
if (SADUMP_DUMPFILE() || QEMU_MEM_DUMP_NO_VMCOREINFO() || VMSS_DUMPFILE()) {
/* Need for kaslr_offset and phys_base */
- if (STREQ(x->name, "divide_error") ||
- STREQ(x->name, "asm_exc_divide_error"))
+ if ((x->name && x->name[0] == 'd' && STREQ(x->name, "divide_error")) ||
+ (x->name && x->name[0] == 'a' && STREQ(x->name, "asm_exc_divide_error")))
st->divide_error_vmlinux = valueof(x);
- else if (STREQ(y->name, "divide_error") ||
- STREQ(y->name, "asm_exc_divide_error"))
+ else if ((y->name && y->name[0] == 'd' && STREQ(y->name, "divide_error")) ||
+ (y->name && y->name[0] == 'a' && STREQ(y->name, "asm_exc_divide_error")))
st->divide_error_vmlinux = valueof(y);
- if (STREQ(x->name, "idt_table"))
+ if (x->name && x->name[0] == 'i' && STREQ(x->name, "idt_table"))
st->idt_table_vmlinux = valueof(x);
- else if (STREQ(y->name, "idt_table"))
+ else if (y->name && y->name[0] == 'i' && STREQ(y->name, "idt_table"))
st->idt_table_vmlinux = valueof(y);
- if (STREQ(x->name, "kaiser_init"))
+ if (x->name && x->name[0] == 'k' && STREQ(x->name, "kaiser_init"))
st->kaiser_init_vmlinux = valueof(x);
- else if (STREQ(y->name, "kaiser_init"))
+ else if (y->name && y->name[0] == 'k' && STREQ(y->name, "kaiser_init"))
st->kaiser_init_vmlinux = valueof(y);
- if (STREQ(x->name, "linux_banner"))
+ if (x->name && x->name[0] == 'l' && STREQ(x->name, "linux_banner"))
st->linux_banner_vmlinux = valueof(x);
- else if (STREQ(y->name, "linux_banner"))
+ else if (y->name && y->name[0] == 'l' && STREQ(y->name, "linux_banner"))
st->linux_banner_vmlinux = valueof(y);
- if (STREQ(x->name, "pti_init"))
+ if (x->name && x->name[0] == 'p' && STREQ(x->name, "pti_init"))
st->pti_init_vmlinux = valueof(x);
- else if (STREQ(y->name, "pti_init"))
+ else if (y->name && y->name[0] == 'p' && STREQ(y->name, "pti_init"))
st->pti_init_vmlinux = valueof(y);
- if (STREQ(x->name, "saved_command_line"))
+ if (x->name && x->name[0] == 's' && STREQ(x->name, "saved_command_line"))
st->saved_command_line_vmlinux = valueof(x);
- else if (STREQ(y->name, "saved_command_line"))
+ else if (y->name && y->name[0] == 's' && STREQ(y->name, "saved_command_line"))
st->saved_command_line_vmlinux = valueof(y);
}
--
2.20.1
1 month, 1 week
vtop returns stale page table entries due to FILL_PUD caching logic
by Anderson Nascimento
Hello,
I have been using the crash tool to teach paging. It is an excellent
tool for simplifying page table walks for students. However, I have
encountered a persistent issue regarding stale data when inspecting
mappings that are populated mid-session.
When using the vtop command on a mapping that is not yet populated,
and then running it again after a memory operation has occurred, vtop
continues to return NULL or stale entries. This happens because the
FILL_PUD (and similar) macros check if the current PUD address matches
the last_pud_read address. If they match, the tool skips the readmem()
call, even if the underlying physical memory has changed.
In the debugging session below, I demonstrate that rd -p showed the
populated PUD entry, but vtop still reported 0. I was able to resolve
this by manually forcing a re-read in GDB by resetting the cache
variable:
(gdb) set machdep->last_pud_read=1
992 #define IS_LAST_PUD_READ(pud) ((ulong)(pud) == machdep->last_pud_read)
...
1001 #define FILL_PUD(PUD, TYPE, SIZE)
\
1002 if (!IS_LAST_PUD_READ(PUD)) {
\
1003 readmem((ulonglong)((ulong)(PUD)), TYPE,
machdep->pud, \
1004 SIZE, "pud page", FAULT_ON_ERROR);
\
1005 machdep->last_pud_read = (ulong)(PUD);
\
1006 }
Steps to Reproduce:
1) Run vtop on an unpopulated user address.
2) Trigger a page fault/memory access in the target process to
populate the entry.
3) Run vtop again; it will still show "(not mapped)" despite the
physical memory being updated.
Is this caching behavior intended for performance, or should a way to
invalidate this cache for live sessions be implemented?
crash> vtop -c 5084 0x41414000
[Detaching after fork from child process 5085]
VIRTUAL PHYSICAL
41414000 (not mapped)
PGD: 6e80000 => 7fc8067
PUD: 7fc8008 => 0
VMA START END FLAGS FILE
ffff88801ec382b8 41414000 41415000 8100073
crash> rd -p 7fc8008
[Detaching after fork from child process 5086]
7fc8008: 0000000000000000 ........
crash> vtop -c 5084 0x41414000
[Detaching after fork from child process 5087]
VIRTUAL PHYSICAL
41414000 (not mapped)
PGD: 6e80000 => 7fc8067
PUD: 7fc8008 => 0
VMA START END FLAGS FILE
ffff88801ec382b8 41414000 41415000 8100073
crash> rd -p 7fc8008
[Detaching after fork from child process 5088]
7fc8008: 000000000e576067 g`W.....
crash>
Thread 1 "crash" received signal SIGINT, Interrupt.
0x00007ffff629d141 in pselect () from /lib64/libc.so.6
=> 0x00007ffff629d141 <pselect+193>: 48 3d 00 f0 ff ff cmp
$0xfffffffffffff000,%rax
(gdb) en 2
(gdb) c
Continuing.
vtop -c 5084 0x41414000
[Detaching after fork from child process 5089]
VIRTUAL PHYSICAL
Thread 1 "crash" hit Breakpoint 2, x86_64_pud_offset
(pgd_pte=<optimized out>, vaddr=1094795264, verbose=0, IS_XEN=0) at
x86_64.c:1970
1970 FILL_PUD(pud_paddr, PHYSADDR, PAGESIZE());
=> 0x00005555557f5da5 <x86_64_pud_offset+85>: 48 8b 96 40 01 00 00 mov
0x140(%rsi),%rdx
0x00005555557f5dac <x86_64_pud_offset+92>: 48 39 9e 20 01 00 00 cmp
%rbx,0x120(%rsi)
0x00005555557f5db3 <x86_64_pud_offset+99>: 74 32 je
0x5555557f5de7 <x86_64_pud_offset+151>
0x00005555557f5db5 <x86_64_pud_offset+101>: 8b 4e 18 mov 0x18(%rsi),%ecx
0x00005555557f5db8 <x86_64_pud_offset+104>: 41 b9 01 00 00 00 mov
$0x1,%r9d
0x00005555557f5dbe <x86_64_pud_offset+110>: be 04 00 00 00 mov $0x4,%esi
0x00005555557f5dc3 <x86_64_pud_offset+115>: 48 89 df mov %rbx,%rdi
0x00005555557f5dc6 <x86_64_pud_offset+118>: 4c 8d 05 6c a8 58 00
lea 0x58a86c(%rip),%r8 # 0x555555d80639
0x00005555557f5dcd <x86_64_pud_offset+125>: e8 8e e2 f5 ff callq
0x555555754060 <readmem>
0x00005555557f5dd2 <x86_64_pud_offset+130>: 48 8b 35 87 8e a9 00
mov 0xa98e87(%rip),%rsi # 0x55555628ec60 <machdep>
0x00005555557f5dd9 <x86_64_pud_offset+137>: 48 89 9e 20 01 00 00
mov %rbx,0x120(%rsi)
0x00005555557f5de0 <x86_64_pud_offset+144>: 48 8b 96 40 01 00 00
mov 0x140(%rsi),%rdx
(gdb) set machdep->last_pud_read=1 <- This forces the PUD to be re-read
(gdb) dis
(gdb) c
Continuing.
41414000 f67e000
PGD: 6e80000 => 7fc8067
PUD: 7fc8008 => e576067
PMD: e576050 => aa1c067
PTE: aa1c0a0 => 800000000f67e867
PAGE: f67e000
PTE PHYSICAL FLAGS
800000000f67e867 f67e000 (PRESENT|RW|USER|ACCESSED|DIRTY|NX)
VMA START END FLAGS FILE
ffff88801ec382b8 41414000 41415000 8100073
PAGE PHYSICAL MAPPING INDEX CNT FLAGS
ffffea00003d9f80 f67e000 ffff8880142d40c1 41414 1 fffffc0040028
uptodate,lru,swapbacked
crash>
Best regards,
--
Anderson Nascimento
Allele Security Intelligence
https://www.allelesecurity.com
1 month, 1 week
[PATCH] x86_64: Fix "bt" command for noreturn functions
by HAGIO KAZUHITO(萩尾 一仁)
From: Kazuhito Hagio <k-hagio-ab(a)nec.com>
On x86_64, the "bt" command resolves saved return addresses with
value_search(textaddr). However, a return address is the instruction
pointer after the call, not the call site itself.
This becomes a problem when the caller ends with a call to a noreturn
function. In that case, the saved return address can match the start
address of the following symbol, and "bt" loses track of the call chain
and this can lead to very long session initialization.
The same issue also affects symbol+offset formatting, line number
lookup, and ORC-based frame size resolution.
Fix it by resolving normal backtrace return addresses with textaddr-1,
while keeping exact textaddr handling for real RIP values saved in
exception frames. Add value_to_symstr_trace() so the displayed
symbol+offset still reflects the original return address value.
Suggested-by: Kosuke Tatsukawa <tatsu-ab1(a)nec.com>
Signed-off-by: Kazuhito Hagio <k-hagio-ab(a)nec.com>
---
defs.h | 1 +
symbols.c | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++---
x86_64.c | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
3 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
diff --git a/defs.h b/defs.h
index 89044b18cdbe..79969df2a8c2 100644
--- a/defs.h
+++ b/defs.h
@@ -5798,6 +5798,7 @@ struct syment *prev_symbol(char *, struct syment *);
void get_symbol_data(char *, long, void *);
int try_get_symbol_data(char *, long, void *);
char *value_to_symstr(ulong, char *, ulong);
+char *value_to_symstr_trace(ulong, char *, ulong);
char *value_symbol(ulong);
ulong symbol_value(char *);
ulong symbol_value_module(char *, char *);
diff --git a/symbols.c b/symbols.c
index 3c62f54d4a93..372d0b230b18 100644
--- a/symbols.c
+++ b/symbols.c
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ static void free_structure(struct struct_elem *);
static unsigned char is_right_brace(const char *);
static struct struct_elem *find_node(struct struct_elem *, char *);
static void dump_node(struct struct_elem *, char *, unsigned char, unsigned char);
+static char *_value_to_symstr(ulong value, char *buf, ulong radix, int trace);
static int module_mem_type(ulong, struct load_module *);
static ulong module_mem_end(ulong, struct load_module *);
@@ -5973,14 +5974,25 @@ generic_machdep_value_to_symbol(ulong value, ulong *offset)
return NULL;
}
+char *
+value_to_symstr(ulong value, char *buf, ulong radix)
+{
+ return _value_to_symstr(value, buf, radix, 0);
+}
+
+char *
+value_to_symstr_trace(ulong value, char *buf, ulong radix)
+{
+ return _value_to_symstr(value, buf, radix, 1);
+}
/*
* For a given value, format a string containing the nearest symbol name
* plus the offset if appropriate. Display the offset in the specified
* radix (10 or 16) -- if it's 0, set it to the current pc->output_radix.
*/
-char *
-value_to_symstr(ulong value, char *buf, ulong radix)
+static char *
+_value_to_symstr(ulong value, char *buf, ulong radix, int trace)
{
struct syment *sp;
ulong offset;
@@ -5996,7 +6008,13 @@ value_to_symstr(ulong value, char *buf, ulong radix)
if ((radix != 10) && (radix != 16))
radix = 16;
- if ((sp = value_search(value, &offset))) {
+ if (trace) {
+ sp = value_search(value-1, &offset);
+ offset++;
+ } else
+ sp = value_search(value, &offset);
+
+ if (sp) {
if (offset)
sprintf(buf, radix == 16 ? "%s+0x%lx" : "%s+%ld",
sp->name, offset);
diff --git a/x86_64.c b/x86_64.c
index b2cddbf8ba3d..ff283ed68191 100644
--- a/x86_64.c
+++ b/x86_64.c
@@ -3229,14 +3229,23 @@ x86_64_print_stack_entry(struct bt_info *bt, FILE *ofp, int level,
if (!(bt->flags & BT_SAVE_EFRAME_IP))
bt->eframe_ip = 0;
offset = 0;
- sp = value_search(text, &offset);
+ if (bt->flags & BT_SAVE_EFRAME_IP)
+ sp = value_search(text, &offset);
+ else {
+ sp = value_search(text-1, &offset);
+ offset++;
+ }
if (!sp)
return BACKTRACE_ENTRY_IGNORED;
name = sp->name;
if (offset && (bt->flags & BT_SYMBOL_OFFSET))
- name_plus_offset = value_to_symstr(text, buf2, bt->radix);
+ if (bt->flags & BT_SAVE_EFRAME_IP)
+ name_plus_offset = value_to_symstr(text, buf2, bt->radix);
+ else
+ /* text-1 is used in the function */
+ name_plus_offset = value_to_symstr_trace(text, buf2, bt->radix);
else
name_plus_offset = NULL;
@@ -3337,7 +3346,10 @@ x86_64_print_stack_entry(struct bt_info *bt, FILE *ofp, int level,
fprintf(ofp, "\n");
if (bt->flags & BT_LINE_NUMBERS) {
- get_line_number(text, buf1, FALSE);
+ if (bt->flags & BT_SAVE_EFRAME_IP)
+ get_line_number(text, buf1, FALSE);
+ else
+ get_line_number(text-1, buf1, FALSE);
if (strlen(buf1))
fprintf(ofp, " %s\n", buf1);
}
@@ -3864,8 +3876,10 @@ in_exception_stack:
}
level++;
+ bt->flags |= BT_SAVE_EFRAME_IP;
if ((framesize = x86_64_get_framesize(bt, bt->instptr, rsp, NULL)) >= 0)
rsp += framesize;
+ bt->flags &= ~BT_SAVE_EFRAME_IP;
}
}
@@ -8811,7 +8825,13 @@ x86_64_get_framesize(struct bt_info *bt, ulong textaddr, ulong rsp, char *stack_
return 0;
}
- if (!(sp = value_search(textaddr, &offset))) {
+ if (bt->flags & BT_SAVE_EFRAME_IP)
+ sp = value_search(textaddr, &offset);
+ else {
+ sp = value_search(textaddr-1, &offset);
+ offset++;
+ }
+ if (!sp) {
if (!(bt->flags & BT_FRAMESIZE_DEBUG))
bt->flags |= BT_FRAMESIZE_DISABLE;
return 0;
@@ -8887,7 +8907,8 @@ x86_64_get_framesize(struct bt_info *bt, ulong textaddr, ulong rsp, char *stack_
if ((sp->value >= kt->init_begin) && (sp->value < kt->init_end))
return 0;
- if ((machdep->flags & ORC) && (korc = orc_find(textaddr))) {
+ if ((machdep->flags & ORC) &&
+ (korc = orc_find(bt->flags & BT_SAVE_EFRAME_IP ? textaddr : textaddr-1))) {
if (CRASHDEBUG(1)) {
struct ORC_data *orc = &machdep->machspec->orc;
fprintf(fp,
--
2.31.1
1 month, 2 weeks
[PATCH 1/2] x86_64: Correct the unwind address for orc when "call" instruction encountered
by Tao Liu
We have enountered the following edge case for orc unwinder which results an
incorrect stack unwinding:
$ objdump -d vmlinux
ffffffff8100be70 <panic>:
ffffffff8100be70: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64
ffffffff8100be74: e8 c7 b9 0d 00 call ffffffff810e7840 <__fentry__>
ffffffff8100be79: 55 push %rbp
ffffffff8100be7a: 49 89 fa mov %rdi,%r10
ffffffff8100be7d: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
ffffffff8100be80: 48 83 ec 50 sub $0x50,%rsp
...
ffffffff8100bed2: 48 89 44 24 10 mov %rax,0x10(%rsp)
ffffffff8100bed7: e8 f4 fc ff ff call ffffffff8100bbd0 <vpanic>
ffffffff8100bedc <nmi_panic.cold>:
ffffffff8100bedc: 48 c7 c7 6e c2 8b 82 mov $0xffffffff828bc26e,%rdi
ffffffff8100bee3: e8 88 ff ff ff call ffffffff8100be70 <panic>
$ objtool --dump=orc vmlinux
...
ffffffff8100be7a:type:call sp:sp+16 bp:prevsp-16 signal:0
ffffffff8100be80:type:call sp:bp+16 bp:prevsp-16 signal:0
ffffffff8100bedc:type:call sp:sp+8 bp:(und) signal:0
ffffffff8100bee8:type:call sp:sp+16 bp:(und) signal:0
crash> gdb bt
#0 0xffffffff8126b3e4 in crash_setup_regs
#1 0xffffffff8126b7a2 in __crash_kexec
#2 0xffffffff8100bca9 in vpanic
#3 0xffffffff8100bedc in panic
#4 0xffffffff81903a9a in sysrq_handle_crash
...
crash> bt -r
...
ffffc9000126fc40: machine_kexec+184 sysrq_showstate_op
ffffc9000126fc50: .LC4+109 __crash_kexec+114
ffffc9000126fc60: 0000000000000000 0000000000000007
ffffc9000126fc70: 0000000000000063 ffffc9000126fd48
ffffc9000126fc80: .LC4+109 sysrq_showstate_op
ffffc9000126fc90: 0000000000000002 _printk_rb_static_infos+64944
ffffc9000126fca0: _printk_rb_static_descs+17712 0000000000000000
ffffc9000126fcb0: 0000000000000000 0000000000000000
ffffc9000126fcc0: 0000000000000001 0000000000000000
ffffc9000126fcd0: ffffc9000126fc60 0000000000000000
ffffc9000126fce0: crash_setup_regs+116 0000000000000010
ffffc9000126fcf0: 0000000000000046 ffffc9000126fc58
ffffc9000126fd00: 0000000000000018 a9e74447ad8b9200
ffffc9000126fd10: sysrq_showstate_op vpanic+217
ffffc9000126fd20: sysrq_crash_op ffffc9000126fd98
ffffc9000126fd30: 0000000000000000 0000000000000063
ffffc9000126fd40: panic+108 0000000000000008
ffffc9000126fd50: ffffc9000126fda8 ffffc9000126fd68
ffffc9000126fd60: a9e74447ad8b9200 a9e74447ad8b9200
ffffc9000126fd70: ffff88813bc1d1c0 0000000000000000
ffffc9000126fd80: 0000000000000000 0000000000000000
ffffc9000126fd90: _printk_rb_static_descs+786408 0000000000000000
ffffc9000126fda0: sysrq_handle_crash+26 __handle_sysrq.cold+159
Within the stack, we can identify the following stackframes:
1. rsp ffffc9000126fc40, rip (machine_kexec+184)
2. rsp ffffc9000126fc58, rip (__crash_kexec+114)
3. rsp ffffc9000126fd10, rip (vpanic+217)
4. rsp ffffc9000126fd40, rip (panic+108)
Before the fix, crash will directly pass rip to orc_find() to calculate
each framesize, actually this is incorrect, because the rip is what
we found in stack, as we all know the "call" instruction will push
the address of the next instruction into stack, rather than the address
of the "call" instruction itself. So for the (panic+108, or ffffffff8100bedc)
case, orc winder finds the frame of 0xffffffff8100bedc is sp:sp+8.
This is incorrect, because 0xffffffff8100bedc belongs to a different
function, aka nmi_panic(), rather than panic(). So we should use (rip -
5, or ffffffff8100bed7) for orc_find(), which gives sp:bp+16 for unwind
stack frame. We can confirm this by reading the disassembly at
ffffffff8100be70 ~ ffffffff8100be80.
This is an edge case because the address after the "call" instruction
located to a different function, which lead to orc_find() got a wrong
framesize.
This patch fix this by check the 1st previous instruction of rip we read
from stack. If the instruction is "call", then we pass the address of
the "call" to orc_find(), to ensure we orc unwinding the correct function.
Signed-off-by: Tao Liu <ltao(a)redhat.com>
---
x86_64.c | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/x86_64.c b/x86_64.c
index b2cddbf..70bc1da 100644
--- a/x86_64.c
+++ b/x86_64.c
@@ -8887,7 +8887,38 @@ x86_64_get_framesize(struct bt_info *bt, ulong textaddr, ulong rsp, char *stack_
if ((sp->value >= kt->init_begin) && (sp->value < kt->init_end))
return 0;
- if ((machdep->flags & ORC) && (korc = orc_find(textaddr))) {
+ if (machdep->flags & ORC) {
+ /*
+ * Disassemble & check if the 1st previous instruction of textaddr
+ * is "call". If it does, the orc should unwind against the
+ * address of the "call" inst, rather than the textaddr itself.
+ */
+ open_tmpfile2();
+ sprintf(buf, "x/-1i 0x%lx", textaddr);
+ if (!gdb_pass_through(buf, pc->tmpfile2, GNU_RETURN_ON_ERROR)) {
+ close_tmpfile2();
+ bt->flags |= BT_FRAMESIZE_DISABLE;
+ return 0;
+ }
+ rewind(pc->tmpfile2);
+ if (fgets(buf, BUFSIZE, pc->tmpfile2)) {
+ c = parse_line(buf, arglist);
+ for (int i = 0; i < c; i++) {
+ if (!strcmp(arglist[i], "call")) {
+ reterror = 0;
+ ulong tmp_val = htol(arglist[0],
+ RETURN_ON_ERROR, &reterror);
+ if (!reterror)
+ textaddr = tmp_val;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ close_tmpfile2();
+
+ if ((korc = orc_find(textaddr)) == NULL)
+ goto out_orc;
+
if (CRASHDEBUG(1)) {
struct ORC_data *orc = &machdep->machspec->orc;
fprintf(fp,
@@ -8939,6 +8970,7 @@ x86_64_get_framesize(struct bt_info *bt, ulong textaddr, ulong rsp, char *stack_
}
}
+out_orc:
framesize = max = 0;
max_instructions = textaddr - sp->value;
instr = arg = -1;
--
2.47.0
1 month, 3 weeks
[PATCH] arm64: Fix broken/incomplete gdb backtrace and unify output format
by lipengfei28＠xiaomi.com
From 4d832a33ebd80bd109cc5a47f98c6b35fdcbd956 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lipengfei28 <lipengfei28(a)xiaomi.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Jan 2026 16:24:07 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] arm64: Fix broken/incomplete gdb backtrace and unify output
format
This patch fixes multiple issues with 'gdb bt' on ARM64, where the backtrace
would be interrupted, contain garbage threads, or display fragmented output.
1. Fix Out-of-Bounds Read in Exception Frame Handling:
In `arm64_print_exception_frame`, the code previously used `memcpy` to copy
`sizeof(struct arm64_pt_regs)` bytes from a `struct arm64_stackframe *` source.
Since `stackframe` is significantly smaller than `pt_regs`, this caused an
out-of-bounds read, populating the GDB thread registers with stack garbage
(often resulting in invalid addresses like -3/0xff...fd).
This is fixed by manually copying only the valid registers (PC, SP, FP, etc.)
and properly initializing the bitmap.
2. Bridge the Gap Between IRQ and Process Stacks:
Previously, GDB unwinding would stop at `call_on_irq_stack` because it could
not automatically unwind through the assembly trampoline back to the process
stack.
Modified `arm64_switch_stack` (and the overflow variant) to "peek" one frame
ahead (reading the saved FP/PC of the caller) before registering the new
GDB substack. This effectively bridges the discontinuity, allowing GDB to
show frames like `do_interrupt_handler` that were previously missing.
3. Unify and Format GDB Output:
Modified `gdb_interface.c` to:
- Strip "Thread <id>" headers to present a continuous backtrace similar to
the native `crash bt`.
- Renumber stack frames sequentially (e.g., #0 to #30) instead of resetting
at each stack switch.
- Add indentation/alignment for frames where GDB omits the address (e.g.,
inline functions) to improve readability.
4. Prevent Invalid Thread Creation:
Added checks to ensure a GDB substack is only created if the Program Counter
(PC) is non-zero, preventing the display of "corrupt" or empty threads.
Tested on: Android 6.x ARM64
Signed-off-by: lipengfei28 <lipengfei28(a)xiaomi.com>
---
arm64.c | 117 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
gdb_interface.c | 130 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
2 files changed, 229 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arm64.c b/arm64.c
index c125655..f842739 100644
--- a/arm64.c
+++ b/arm64.c
@@ -3026,6 +3026,9 @@ static char *arm64_exception_functions[] = {
"do_el0_irq_bp_hardening",
"do_sp_pc_abort",
"handle_bad_stack",
+ "el1h_64_sync",
+ "el1h_64_irq",
+ "el1h_64_error",
NULL
};
@@ -3123,6 +3126,11 @@ arm64_print_stackframe_entry(struct bt_info *bt, int level, struct arm64_stackfr
fprintf(ofp, "\n");
+ if (STREQ(name, "el1h_64_irq") || STREQ(name, "el1h_64_sync"))
+ if (arm64_is_kernel_exception_frame(bt, frame->sp)) {
+ arm64_print_exception_frame(bt, frame->sp, KERNEL_MODE, ofp);
+ }
+
if (bt->flags & BT_LINE_NUMBERS) {
get_line_number(branch_pc, buf, FALSE);
if (strlen(buf))
@@ -3775,11 +3783,12 @@ arm64_back_trace_cmd(struct bt_info *bt)
REG_SEQ(arm64_pt_regs, pc));
SET_BIT(extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]->bitmap,
REG_SEQ(arm64_pt_regs, sp));
- if (!bt->machdep ||
+ if (extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]->ur.pc &&
+ (!bt->machdep ||
(extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]->ur.sp !=
((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.sp &&
extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]->ur.pc !=
- ((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.pc)) {
+ ((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.pc))) {
gdb_add_substack (extra_stacks_idx++);
}
}
@@ -3925,11 +3934,12 @@ arm64_back_trace_cmd_v2(struct bt_info *bt)
REG_SEQ(arm64_pt_regs, pc));
SET_BIT(extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]->bitmap,
REG_SEQ(arm64_pt_regs, sp));
- if (!bt->machdep ||
+ if (extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]->ur.pc &&
+ (!bt->machdep ||
(extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]->ur.sp !=
((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.sp &&
extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]->ur.pc !=
- ((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.pc)) {
+ ((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.pc))) {
gdb_add_substack (extra_stacks_idx++);
}
}
@@ -4263,8 +4273,40 @@ arm64_switch_stack(struct bt_info *bt, struct arm64_stackframe *frame, FILE *ofp
if (frame->fp == 0)
return USER_MODE;
- if (!(machdep->flags & UNW_4_14))
+ if (!(machdep->flags & UNW_4_14)) {
arm64_print_exception_frame(bt, frame->sp, KERNEL_MODE, ofp);
+ } else {
+ if (!extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]) {
+ extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx] = (struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)
+ malloc(sizeof(struct user_regs_bitmap_struct));
+ }
+ memset(extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx], 0, sizeof(struct user_regs_bitmap_struct));
+ struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *ur_ptr = extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx];
+
+ ulong next_fp = GET_STACK_ULONG(frame->fp);
+ ulong next_pc = GET_STACK_ULONG(frame->fp + 8);
+ ulong next_sp = frame->fp + 16;
+
+ if (is_kernel_text(next_pc | ms->CONFIG_ARM64_KERNELPACMASK))
+ next_pc |= ms->CONFIG_ARM64_KERNELPACMASK;
+
+ ur_ptr->ur.pc = next_pc;
+ ur_ptr->ur.sp = next_sp;
+ ur_ptr->ur.regs[29] = next_fp;
+
+ SET_BIT(ur_ptr->bitmap, REG_SEQ(arm64_pt_regs, pc));
+ SET_BIT(ur_ptr->bitmap, REG_SEQ(arm64_pt_regs, sp));
+ SET_BIT(ur_ptr->bitmap, REG_SEQ(arm64_pt_regs, regs[0]) + 29);
+
+ if (ur_ptr->ur.pc &&
+ (!bt->machdep ||
+ (ur_ptr->ur.sp !=
+ ((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.sp &&
+ ur_ptr->ur.pc !=
+ ((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.pc))) {
+ gdb_add_substack (extra_stacks_idx++);
+ }
+ }
return KERNEL_MODE;
}
@@ -4300,8 +4342,40 @@ arm64_switch_stack_from_overflow(struct bt_info *bt, struct arm64_stackframe *fr
if (frame->fp == 0)
return USER_MODE;
- if (!(machdep->flags & UNW_4_14))
+ if (!(machdep->flags & UNW_4_14)) {
arm64_print_exception_frame(bt, frame->sp, KERNEL_MODE, ofp);
+ } else {
+ if (!extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]) {
+ extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx] = (struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)
+ malloc(sizeof(struct user_regs_bitmap_struct));
+ }
+ memset(extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx], 0, sizeof(struct user_regs_bitmap_struct));
+ struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *ur_ptr = extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx];
+
+ ulong next_fp = GET_STACK_ULONG(frame->fp);
+ ulong next_pc = GET_STACK_ULONG(frame->fp + 8);
+ ulong next_sp = frame->fp + 16;
+
+ if (is_kernel_text(next_pc | ms->CONFIG_ARM64_KERNELPACMASK))
+ next_pc |= ms->CONFIG_ARM64_KERNELPACMASK;
+
+ ur_ptr->ur.pc = next_pc;
+ ur_ptr->ur.sp = next_sp;
+ ur_ptr->ur.regs[29] = next_fp;
+
+ SET_BIT(ur_ptr->bitmap, REG_SEQ(arm64_pt_regs, pc));
+ SET_BIT(ur_ptr->bitmap, REG_SEQ(arm64_pt_regs, sp));
+ SET_BIT(ur_ptr->bitmap, REG_SEQ(arm64_pt_regs, regs[0]) + 29);
+
+ if (ur_ptr->ur.pc &&
+ (!bt->machdep ||
+ (ur_ptr->ur.sp !=
+ ((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.sp &&
+ ur_ptr->ur.pc !=
+ ((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.pc))) {
+ gdb_add_substack (extra_stacks_idx++);
+ }
+ }
return KERNEL_MODE;
}
@@ -4556,16 +4630,27 @@ arm64_print_exception_frame(struct bt_info *bt, ulong pt_regs, int mode, FILE *o
}
memset(extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx], 0,
sizeof(struct user_regs_bitmap_struct));
- memcpy(&extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]->ur, regs,
- sizeof(struct arm64_pt_regs));
- for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(struct arm64_pt_regs)/sizeof(long); i++)
- SET_BIT(extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]->bitmap, i);
- if (!bt->machdep ||
- (extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]->ur.sp !=
- ((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.sp &&
- extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx]->ur.pc !=
- ((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.pc)) {
- gdb_add_substack (extra_stacks_idx++);
+ {
+ struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *ur_ptr = extra_stacks_regs[extra_stacks_idx];
+ int i;
+
+ ur_ptr->ur.pc = regs->pc;
+ ur_ptr->ur.sp = regs->sp;
+ ur_ptr->ur.pstate = regs->pstate;
+ for (i = 0; i < 31; i++)
+ ur_ptr->ur.regs[i] = regs->regs[i];
+
+ for (i = 0; i < 34; i++)
+ SET_BIT(ur_ptr->bitmap, i);
+
+ if (ur_ptr->ur.pc &&
+ (!bt->machdep ||
+ (ur_ptr->ur.sp !=
+ ((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.sp &&
+ ur_ptr->ur.pc !=
+ ((struct user_regs_bitmap_struct *)(bt->machdep))->ur.pc))) {
+ gdb_add_substack (extra_stacks_idx++);
+ }
}
}
}
diff --git a/gdb_interface.c b/gdb_interface.c
index 9f76f85..d14144e 100644
--- a/gdb_interface.c
+++ b/gdb_interface.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
*/
#include "defs.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
#if !defined(GDB_10_2) && !defined(GDB_16_2)
static void exit_after_gdb_info(void);
@@ -779,22 +780,53 @@ strip_redirection(char *buf)
/*
* Command for passing strings directly to gdb.
*/
+static void format_and_print_gdb_bt(FILE *input_fp);
+
void
cmd_gdb(void)
{
char buf[BUFSIZE];
char **argv;
+ int i;
argv = STREQ(args[0], "gdb") ? &args[1] : &args[0];
if (*argv == NULL)
cmd_usage(pc->curcmd, SYNOPSIS);
+ if (STREQ(*argv, "bt")) {
+ FILE *tmp_fp;
+
+ if ((tmp_fp = tmpfile()) == NULL) {
+ error(FATAL, "cannot create temporary file for GDB output\n");
+ }
+
+ strcpy(buf, "thread apply all bt");
+ /* Append any arguments that were passed to 'bt' */
+ /* args[0] is "gdb", args[1] is "bt", so options start at index 2 */
+ for (i = 2; i < argcnt; i++) {
+ strcat(buf, " ");
+ strcat(buf, args[i]);
+ }
+
+ if (!gdb_pass_through(buf, tmp_fp, GNU_RETURN_ON_ERROR)) {
+ fclose(tmp_fp);
+ error(INFO, "gdb request failed: %s\n", buf);
+ return;
+ }
+
+ rewind(tmp_fp);
+ format_and_print_gdb_bt(tmp_fp);
+
+ fclose(tmp_fp);
+ return;
+ }
+
if (STREQ(*argv, "set") && argv[1]) {
/*
* Intercept set commands in case something has to be done
- * here or elsewhere.
- */
+ * here or elsewhere.
+ */
if (STREQ(argv[1], "gdb")) {
cmd_set();
return;
@@ -821,6 +853,100 @@ cmd_gdb(void)
}
}
+#define MAX_BT_LINES 1024
+#define MAX_THREAD_BLOCKS 64
+
+/*
+ * Helper function to parse 'thread apply all bt' output, reverse the
+ * thread blocks, and print the result.
+ */
+static void format_and_print_gdb_bt(FILE *input_fp)
+{
+ char *lines[MAX_BT_LINES];
+ int line_count = 0;
+ int thread_starts[MAX_THREAD_BLOCKS];
+ int thread_count = 0;
+ char line_buffer[BUFSIZE];
+ int i, j;
+ int global_frame_cnt = 0;
+
+ // Read all lines into memory
+ while (fgets(line_buffer, BUFSIZE, input_fp) && line_count < MAX_BT_LINES) {
+ if (strstr(line_buffer, "Thread ") == line_buffer) {
+ if (thread_count < MAX_THREAD_BLOCKS) {
+ thread_starts[thread_count++] = line_count;
+ }
+ }
+ lines[line_count] = strdup(line_buffer);
+ if (!lines[line_count]) {
+ error(FATAL, "strdup failed while reading gdb output\n");
+ }
+ line_count++;
+ }
+
+ if (thread_count == 0) { // If no threads, just print everything as is.
+ for (i = 0; i < line_count; i++) {
+ fputs(lines[i], fp);
+ }
+ } else {
+ // Iterate threads in reverse order to fix the display order
+ for (i = thread_count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+ int start_line = thread_starts[i];
+ int end_line = (i == thread_count - 1) ? line_count : thread_starts[i+1];
+
+ // Print thread frames, stripping header and renumbering
+ for (j = start_line; j < end_line; j++) {
+ char *line = lines[j];
+ // Skip "Thread " line
+ if (strncmp(line, "Thread ", 7) == 0) continue;
+ // Skip "Backtrace stopped" or similar noise if desired,
+ // but usually GDB prints "Backtrace stopped" at the very end.
+ // We'll keep it for info unless it's in the middle of our merge.
+ // Actually, duplicate frames or stops might appear.
+ // For now, simple renumbering.
+
+ char *ptr = line;
+ while (*ptr == ' ' || *ptr == '\t') ptr++;
+
+ if (*ptr == '#') {
+ // Frame line: #0 0x...
+ char *rest = ptr + 1;
+ while (isdigit(*rest)) rest++; // Skip old number
+
+ // Parse content to check for address
+ char *p = rest;
+ while (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t') p++;
+
+ int has_addr = (strncmp(p, "0x", 2) == 0);
+
+ // Print number
+ fprintf(fp, "#%-3d", global_frame_cnt++);
+
+ // Align if address is missing
+ if (!has_addr) {
+ // Align function name with frames that have addresses
+ // 64-bit: 0x... (18 chars) + " in " (4 chars) = 22 chars
+ // 32-bit: 0x... (10 chars) + " in " (4 chars) = 14 chars
+ int width = (machdep->bits == 64) ? 22 : 14;
+ for (int k = 0; k < width; k++) fputc(' ', fp);
+ }
+
+ fputs(rest, fp);
+ } else {
+ // Other lines (e.g. variable info, code)
+ fputs(line, fp);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Cleanup
+ for (i = 0; i < line_count; i++) {
+ free(lines[i]);
+ }
+}
+
+
/*
* The gdb target_xfer_memory() has a hook installed to re-route
* all memory accesses back here; reads of 1 or 4 bytes come primarily
--
2.34.1
1 month, 3 weeks
ways2well
by febit61013＠gzeos.com
If you want to study evidence-based information regarding next-generation alternatives to invasive wrist surgeries, you should definitely set aside a few minutes to read through https://ways2well.com/blog/stem-cell-therapy-for-wrist-pain-what-you-need.... The blog layout is highly professional, addressing crucial safety standards and answering common patient inquiries regarding biological treatments. It serves as a perfect educational baseline to help you understand how cellular medicine is reshaping sports medicine and physical rehabilitation today.
1 month, 3 weeks
